Amita Kajrolkar 
Freelance Writer, Mumbai, India
Correspondence to: emmydixit@gmail.com
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- Author contribution: Amita Kajrolkar – Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, review and editing
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Keywords: Precision agriculture, Biofortification, Nutrient management, Smart fertilizers, Plant-microbe interactions.
Peer-review
Received: 4 November 2024
Revised: 23 January 2025
Accepted: 28 January 2025
Published: 17 February 2025
Plain Language Summary Infographic
Abstract
A revolution in plant nutrition has dramatically changed agricultural practices and improved crop yield and quality. The present review includes contemporary achievements in understanding plant nutritional requirements, novel fertilization techniques, and technological implementations of nutrient management. The concept of precision agriculture, biofortification, and sustainable nutrient management practices has been key in optimizing plant nutrition while reducing the propensity to degrade the environment. This article considers these advancements as they impinge upon global food security and sustainable agriculture.
Introduction
With such an increasing global population and increasing food demand, there has been a need for severe improvement in agricultural productivity.1 The importance of plant nutrition in allocating higher crop yields and better-quality produce while retaining productive farming practices is imperative. Over the last few years, advancements in understanding plant nutritional needs and the delivery systems to meet those needs have brought improved and more environmentally sound agricultural practices.2 Plant nutrition includes the study of how plants get and use necessary nutrients for plant growth, plant development, and reproduction. However, with climate change, soil degradation and resource limitations are becoming increasingly important challenges to agriculture, and these processes are being optimized.3 Recent developments in plant nutrition research and their practical applications in modern agriculture are reviewed in this paper.
Essential Plant Nutrients and Their Roles
Balanced nutrition is required for optimal growth of plants. Various physiological functions depend on macronutrients and micronutrients critical for enzymatic reactions and metabolic processes.
Macronutrients
Recently, much has been learned about macronutrient roles. While nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) still remain the dominant focus of most fertilization programs, more detailed research has determined that these nutrients have more complex interactions.4 A balanced nutrition, instead of a large dose of individual nutrients, promotes the best plant growth and development.5
- Nitrogen: Nitrogen is vital to protein synthesis and chlorophyll formation; it is essential for crop growth and yield. Availability is often a limiting factor to agricultural productivity.
- Phosphorus: Phosphorus is essential for energy transfer (through ATP), root development, and flowering.
- Potassium: This nutrient maintains critical physiological processes, like water absorption and enzyme activation.
Most plant secondary macronutrients, such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), have been recently shown to participate in diverse metabolic and stress resistance functions.6 Recently, studies have emphasized the role of calcium in cell wall structure and signal transduction in fruit quality and storage life (Table 1).7
| Table 1: Essential macronutrients and their roles in plant growth. | ||
| Macronutrient | Primary Functions | Impact on Plant Growth |
| Nitrogen (N) | Protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation | Critical for vegetative growth, yield |
| Phosphorus (P) | Energy transfer, root development | Essential for flowering, energy metabolism |
| Potassium (K) | Water absorption, enzyme activation | Regulates physiological processes |
| Calcium (Ca) | Cell wall structure, signal transduction | Improves fruit quality, storage life |
| Magnesium (Mg) | Chlorophyll production | Central to photosynthesis |
| Sulfur (S) | Protein formation, stress resistance | Supports metabolic functions |
Micronutrients
Recent improvements in analytical techniques have helped us elucidate micronutrient functions in plants. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) play an essential role in several physiological processes.8 The research shows that micronutrient deficiencies can have a dramatic effect on the yield and quality of crops even when macronutrient levels are sufficient.9 For instance, zinc deficiency can impair photosynthesis and growth, while iron deficiency affects chlorophyll production.
Modern Nutrient Management Strategies: Precision Agriculture and Nutrient Management
Precision agriculture technologies integration has led to the revolution of nutrient management practices (Figure 1). Soil sampling guided by the Global Positioning System (GPS) and variable rate fertilizer application allows for more precise and efficient nutrient application than traditional methods.10 Their enabling technologies help farmers cope with spatial variability in soil nutrient status and the demands of the crop, saving inputs and improving nutrient use efficiency.11
Satellite imagery and drone-based systems are now valuable remote sensing technologies for monitoring the status of crops in terms of nutrients (Figure 2).12 These systems have the ability to detect early signs of nutrient deficiencies using spectral analysis of crop canopy characteristics and the ability to intervene at critical time points before damage occurs to traditional methods.13
Smart Fertilizers and Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers
Smart fertilizers have already found a way to cope with many of the problems associated with traditional fertilization. Nutrient use efficiency and environmental impact14 have been improved by the use of controlled- release fertilizers and slow-release fertilizers. Multicover products employ a range of coating technologies or chemical modifications to adapt nutrient release to match crop demand.15 Finally, both nitrification inhibitors and urease inhibitors are now important tools in nitrogen management through reduction in losses of nitrate (volatilization) and ammonium (leaching).16 These products have been shown to increase nitrogen use efficiency by 20–30% and to reduce environmental impact.17
Biofortification and Nutrient Enhancement
Now, we have seen an emergence of the biofortification approach to increase crop nutritional values. However, crops with improved nutrient content have been developed using conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques.18 High zinc wheat, iron beans, and vitamin A rice are success stories.19 Recently, advanced knowledge of the genetic control of nutrient uptake and utilization has allowed the introduction of improved mechanisms of nutrient acquisition in some crops.20 That is very relevant for micronutrient- deficient soils or stress situations (Figure 3).
Sustainable Nutrient Management Practices: Biological Approaches to Nutrient Management
There has been an increasing recognition of the roles of soil microorganisms in nutrient cycling and their availability. It has recently been shown that plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungi increase nutrient uptake and stress resistance in crops.21 Research has shown that these beneficial microorganisms can boost phosphorus uptake efficiency by 50% or more in some crops.22 The use of biofertilizers, based on nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, are cost-effective and earth-friendly while acting as sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers.23 The Burpee products can cut chemical fertilizer needs and improve soil health (Figure 4).24
Role of Beneficial Microorganisms
Enhancement of nutrient availability and uptake by plants depend on beneficial microorganisms brought about by the fascinating symbiotic relationships plant roots have with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria.
Mycorrhizal Fungi
Plant roots might send out their mycorrhizal fungi associates into the soil to access nutrients that plants usually cannot. However, these fungi considerably enhance phosphorus uptake and improve soil structure by promoting aggregation.44
Rhizobacteria
PGPR promote plant growth through many methods, such as nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization. They also produce phytohormones that stimulate plant growth and increase stress resistance.
Organic Nutrient Sources and Circular Economy
Results from incorporating organic nutrient sources into conventional systems have been promising. Improve composting technologies and obtain better-quality organic fertilizers with predictable nutrient release patterns.25 Benefits of using biochar as a soil amendment for nutrient retention and soil quality improvement26 have been shown. Recovering and recycling nutrients from organic waste streams have become an important aspect of sustainable agriculture.27 Available advanced processing technologies have made possible the development of high-quality fertilizers from waste and, in this case have contributed to an agricultural approach based on a circular economy.28
Technological Innovations in Nutrient Management
Technological advancements give us an entirely new understanding of plant nutrition and its use in agriculture (Table 2).
| Table 2: Emerging technologies in plant nutrition management. | ||
| Technology | Key Applications | Potential Benefits |
| Precision Agriculture | GPS-guided soil sampling, variable rate fertilization | Reduced input costs, improved nutrient efficiency |
| Remote Sensing | Crop health monitoring via satellite/drone imagery | Early detection of nutrient deficiencies |
| Omics Technologies | Genetic analysis of nutrient interactions | Development of nutrient-efficient crop varieties |
| IoT Platforms | Real-time nutrient status monitoring | Automated fertilizer adjustment |
| AI and Big Data | Predictive nutrient management | Optimized fertilization strategies |
Omics Technologies
Whereas genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics have revealed some of the molecular aspects of plant nutrient interactions, there is still a minimal understanding of them. To identify genes involved in nutrient uptake and utilization, these technologies.47
For instance:
- Genomics: Fathoming genes associated with nutrient transport can steer us to create better crop varieties that improve nutrient use efficiency.
- Proteomics: The better we understand how protein expression relates to nutrient stress, the more we can develop resilient crops.
Remote Sensing
Farmers with remote sensing technology can access crop health and nutrient status information from a distance using satellite imagery or drones. Timely decisions about fertilizer application can be made based on these pieces of information.48
Plant Nutrition: Sustainable Practices
Modern agricultural practices are all based on sustainability. In general, there is an urgent need to develop integrated approaches to sustainable plant nutrition toward securing the future of long-term food security.
Organic Farming
Organic farming avoids artificial fertilizers and favors using organic fertilizers like compost and manure for maintaining soil health and fertility. Veum et al. (2020) showed that organic practices can increase soil structure and diversity at the microbial level.
Conservation Agriculture
By preventing erosion and increasing water retention, conservation agriculture practices like no-till farming help maintain the health of our soils. These methods contribute to better nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
Sensor Technologies and Real-Time Monitoring
Real-time monitoring of plant nutrient status has never been more possible with the advent of advanced sensor technologies.29 Plant nutritional status is provided with immediate feedback by the use of chlorophyll fluorescence sensors, ion-selective electrodes, and spectral sensors, thus permitting rapid adjustment of fertilization strategies.30 Integration of numerous sensor data into Internet of Things (IoT) platforms has made possible the development of comprehensive nutrient management monitoring systems.31 Fertilizer applications in such systems adjust automatically to real-time crop requirements.32
Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics
Modern agricultural practices experience a revolution through the combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data Analytics which helps forecast nutrient needs and optimize fertilizer usage procedures. AI models transform huge datasets from remote sensing technology and Internet of Things sensors and agronomic records into real-time agricultural insights for precision agriculture.31 The application of machine learning techniques enables better predictions regarding crop yields along with nitrogen status assessments which results in reduced input expenses combined with decreased environmental effects.45 Enhanced farmer decision-making through Big Data applications in smart farming enables farmers to optimize fertilizer applications which reduces nutrients from draining away from agricultural land.46 These technological developments help sustain nutrient management by resolving issues produced by climate change alongside limited resources.32
Challenges and Future Prospects
The use of fertilizer continues to have a heavy environmental impact. More environmentally friendly nutrient management practices are still being researched and developed.33 Key priorities are the reduction of nutrient losses to water bodies and greenhouse gas emissions from the application of fertilizer.34 Consequently, nutrient management in the face of climate change further complicates nutrient availability and plant uptake.35 Strategies to adapt, including the development of climate-resilient crops and farming systems, become ever more important.36
Challenges in Plant Nutrition
Despite advancements, several challenges persist in optimizing plant nutrition:
- Soil Degradation: Soil degradation affecting nutrient availability has occurred due to intensive agricultural practices.
- Climate Change: Soil moisture levels and nutrient availability are driven by changes in climate patterns.
- Nutrient Runoff: Excessive fertilizer application can result in nutrient runoff in water bodies and bring about environmental problems and eutrophication.
- Climate-Resilient Nutrient Management: New scientific research shows that developing new ways to manage nutrients is essential because climate patterns keep changing. Study results from 2023 showed that changing climate decreases crop nutrient uptake effectiveness by as much as 25% in certain areas, demanding improved fertilizer distribution technology.37
Future Directions
The future of plant nutrition lies in integrating advanced technologies with sustainable practices:
- Biostimulants: The application of biostimulants can increase plant resilience to abiotic stresses and improve nutrient uptake.
- Circular Economy: Recycling nutrients back into agricultural systems is possible with the implementation of circular economy principles.
- Research Innovations: Further research of plant-microbe interactions will be a new avenue for sustainably improving crop nutrition.
Nanotechnology in Nutrient Delivery
The field of nanotechnology helps deliver nutrients to crops in new ways. New studies reveal how nanotechnology can use nutrients more accurately. Nano-fertilizers enable crops to absorb nutrients better, which helps save the environment and increase farming yields. Research by Singh et al.38 indicates that nano-encapsulated fertilizers bring 40–50% more nutrients into plants than regular fertilizer options. Microbiome Engineering: Researchers are now studying ways to change plant microbiome systems to help plants absorb more nutrients. Research by Zhang et al.39 showed that manipulating plant microbiome can enhance phosphorus absorption by 60% when facing poor soil conditions.
Economic and Social Aspects
Overall, advanced nutrient management technologies remain economically viable, but this is especially problematic for the small-scale farmer.40 Further research is needed to develop cheap solutions that can be implemented over a wide range of agricultural scales and economic conditions.41 The successful implementation of improved nutrient management practices depends in part on social factors such as farmer education and adoption of technologies.42 These technologies necessitate extension services and knowledge transfer systems that evolve.43
Conclusion
Our ability to optimize crop yield and quality while simultaneously decreasing environmental impact has been significantly increased by advancements in plant nutrition. Sustainable nutrient management opportunities have emerged from the integration of precision agriculture, smart fertilizers, and biological approaches. However, problems with technology adoption, environmental protection, and economic viability still remain. As future research, more efficient, sustainable nutrient management strategies should be developed based on these wishes for different agricultural systems and regions.
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